What are the uses of computers in public organizations? Explain. How are the data and information shared among various public organizations?

Computers turn paper registers into searchable, shareable services.

Uses in public organizations (NOC example):

1. Record keeping — Citizen, stock and payroll databases instead of ledgers; instant search of depot balance.
2. Service delivery — Online forms, token systems, SMS rate notices to dealers.
3. Accounting — Billing, salary (Payroll), inventory with Excel/DBMS; daily closing in minutes.
4. Communication — Official email, video meetings between head office and depots.
5. Planning — Reports and charts (monthly sales by province) for quota decisions.

How data is shared among organizations:

1. Networked DB + API — NOC stock API read by Ministry of Supply; GEA data-exchange platform links ministries.
2. Email/portal + cloud — Shared GIDC-hosted portal, official drive links instead of pen-drives.
3. Standard formats — CSV/Excel, Nepali Unicode, digital signature (ETA 2063) for trusted exchange.
4. Controls — Role-based access, VPN, audit logs; MoU defining what fields are shared (privacy preserved).